papers

Publications (6)

cs.AI2026

A Decision-Theoretic Formalisation of Steganography With Applications to LLM Monitoring

Usman Anwar, Julianna Piskorz, David D. Baek +6

Large language models are beginning to show steganographic capabilities. Such capabilities could allow misaligned models to evade oversight mechanisms. Yet principled methods to de…

cs.LG2026

Analyzing and Improving Chain-of-Thought Monitorability Through Information Theory

Usman Anwar, Tim Bakker, Dana Kianfar +2

Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitors are LLM-based systems that analyze reasoning traces to detect when outputs may exhibit attributes of interest, such as test-hacking behavior during…

cs.LG2025

Mitigating Goal Misgeneralization via Minimax Regret

Karim Abdel Sadek, Matthew Farrugia-Roberts, Usman Anwar +4

Safe generalization in reinforcement learning requires not only that a learned policy acts capably in new situations, but also that it uses its capabilities towards the pursuit of…

cs.LG2025

Interpreting Emergent Planning in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning

Thomas Bush, Stephen Chung, Usman Anwar +2

We present the first mechanistic evidence that model-free reinforcement learning agents can learn to plan. This is achieved by applying a methodology based on concept-based interpr…

cs.AI2025

The Reality of AI and Biorisk

Aidan Peppin, Anka Reuel, Stephen Casper +10

To accurately and confidently answer the question 'could an AI model or system increase biorisk', it is necessary to have both a sound theoretical threat model for how AI models or…

cs.LG2025

Understanding In-Context Learning of Linear Models in Transformers Through an Adversarial Lens

Usman Anwar, Johannes Von Oswald, Louis Kirsch +2

In this work, we make two contributions towards understanding of in-context learning of linear models by transformers. First, we investigate the adversarial robustness of in-contex…