Unveiling the origin of XMM-Newton soft proton flares: I. Design and validation of a response matrix for proton spectral analysis

Valentina Fioretti, Teresa Mineo, Simone Lotti +8

Low-energy (<300 keV) protons entering the field of view of XMM-Newton are observed in the form of a sudden increase in the background level, the so-called soft proton flares, affe…