Quadrupole terms in the Maxwell equations: Born energy, partial molar volume and entropy of ions. Debye-Hückel theory in a quadrupolarizable medium

Radomir I. Slavchov, Tzanko I. Ivanov

A new equation of state relating the macroscopic quadrupole moment density $Q$ to the gradient of the field $\nabla E$ in an isotropic fluid is derived: $Q = α_Q(\nabla E - U \nabl…