Which Regularized Propensity-Score and Doubly Robust Methods Are Best Calibrated When Exposures or Outcomes Are Rare? A Plasmode Study of Proxy-Based Confounding Adjustment

M. Ehsan Karim, Wanqing Hu

Purpose. Confounding adjustment in health-care database studies screens large proxy libraries where events per variable are low, straining standard propensity score (PS) methods, a…