Observed epochal variations in X-ray lines from the O Supergiant $\zeta$ Puppis do not require substantial changes in the wind mass flux

Sean J. Gunderson, Kenneth G. Gayley, David P. Huenemoerder +2

We fit the high resolution \textit{Chandra} X-ray spectra of the O supergiant $\zeta$ Puppis using the variable boundary condition (VBC) line model to test the stability of its mass-lo…