Implementation and verification of the avalanche source in a 3D full-f particle-in-cell model of relativistic electrons for studies of tokamak disruptions

Fiona Wouters, Hannes Bergström, Matthias Hoelzl +3

Tokamak disruptions may lead to the acceleration of some electrons to relativistic energies. These so-called runaway electrons (REs) can multiply exponentially via knock-on collisi…