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cs.CL2026
Auditing Question-Order Effects in Large Language Models with the QQ Equality: Mechanism Characterization and a Saturation Caveat
Pilsung Kang
Question-order effects in human survey data have been reported to approximately satisfy the QQ (quantum question) equality, a parameter-free prediction of the standard projective q…
cs.AI2026
Same Answer, Different Confidence: Protocol Sensitivity in LLM Confidence Calibration
Hankyeol Kim, Pilsung Kang
Large language models (LLM) can state their confidence in an answer (verbalized confidence), or the confidence can be read from the probability of the answer's tokens (token confid…