Beyond Legacy L1 C/A: Characterizing Advanced Multi-Frequency Spoofing Against Multi-Frequency GPS Receivers for Autonomous Navigation

Minhaj Uddin Ahmad, Muhammad Sami Irfan, Sagar Dasgupta +2

Autonomous vehicles increasingly rely on high-end multi-frequency GNSS receivers that track modernized civil signals, such as L2C, L5, and L1C, alongside legacy GPS L1~C/A. Althoug…