Bit-Level Triangular Content-Aware Permutation for Fragile Image Watermarking: Zero False Positive Rate, Single-Bit Sensitivity, and Arbitrary Dimension Support

Zahra Ghoraeian, Mohammad-Reza Sadeghi, Samaneh Mashhadi

With the growth of digital document exchange, protecting image integrity against attacks such as Vector Quantization (VQ) and collage has become critical. Existing methods are vuln…