Robocalls: A Worldwide or US-only Problem? Analyzing Spam and Fraud in International Phone Calls

Kemal Altwlkany, Andro Merćep, Tomislav Đuričić +2

Unsolicited automated phone calls (robocalls) are a serious threat: in the US alone, these calls resulted in reported losses of 1.1$ billion during 2025. Phishing and spoofing cons…