3 papers
cs.DL2026
The em-dash em-beds in Congress: A population-level rise in em-dash frequency in U.S. congressional press releases at the dawn of the large-language-model era, 2021-2025
Przemysław Czuma
Large language models (LLMs) can leave small stylistic traces in text written with their help. The most discussed is the em-dash (U+2014), especially the unspaced form word---word,…
cs.DL2026
Em-ergence of the em-dash: a population-level rise in em-dash frequency in medRxiv preprints at the dawn of the large-language-model era
Przemysław Czuma
Large language models (LLMs) can leave subtle stylistic traces in assisted text; one of the most cited is the em-dash (Unicode U+2014). Yet no one has measured whether em-dash use…
cs.DL2026
Invisible to humans, visible to machines: a preregistered audit of Unicode fidelity across four biomedical bibliographic APIs
Przemysław Czuma
Biomedical text mining, scientometrics, and the construction of training corpora for biomedical large language models (LLMs) all assume that the abstract text returned by a bibliog…