Integrating HAPS, LEO, and Terrestrial Networks: A Cost-Performance Study for IoT Connectivity

Jean Michel de Souza Sant'Ana, Felipe Augusto Tondo, Nurul Huda Mahmood +1

This work evaluates the potential of High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites as alternative or complementary systems to enhance Internet of Thin…