Curved Monopoles and Yagi-Uda Arrays for Low-Angle HF Skywave Radiation over Lossy Ground: Analysis, Hybrid Bayesian Optimization, and Validated Full-Wave Design

Masoud Salmani Arani, Reza Shahidi, Lihong Zhang

High-frequency (HF) skywave radars require high gain at take-off angles of 3 degrees-30 degrees, where vertically polarized monopoles and Yagi-Uda arrays over lossy land suffer fro…