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20242026
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cs.FL2026

The complexity of downward closures of indexed languages

Richard Mandel, Corto Mascle, Georg Zetzsche

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precise…

cs.FL2026

Infinite-state Games with Energy Objectives Beyond Counters

Irmak Sağlam, Georg Zetzsche

In the theory of games on infinite-state arenas, there is a stark contrast between (i) recursion-based models such as pushdown systems and extensions on one hand, and (ii) counter-…

cs.FL2025

Bounded treewidth, multiple context-free grammars, and downward closures

C. Aiswarya, Pascal Baumann, Prakash Saivasan +2

The reachability problem in multi-pushdown automata (MPDA) has many applications in static analysis of recursive programs. An example is safety verification of multi-threaded recur…

cs.FL2025

The complexity of separability for semilinear sets and Parikh automata

Elias Rojas Collins, Chris Köcher, Georg Zetzsche

In a \emph{separability problem}, we are given two sets and from a class , and we want to decide whether there exists a set from a class such…

cs.FL2025

A Complexity Dichotomy for Semilinear Target Sets in Automata with One Counter

Yousef Shakiba, Henry Sinclair-Banks, Georg Zetzsche

In many kinds of infinite-state systems, the coverability problem has significantly lower complexity than the reachability problem. In order to delineate the border of computationa…

cs.FL2024

The Power of Hard Attention Transformers on Data Sequences: A Formal Language Theoretic Perspective

Pascal Bergsträßer, Chris Köcher, Anthony Widjaja Lin +1

Formal language theory has recently been successfully employed to unravel the power of transformer encoders. This setting is primarily applicable in Natural Language Processing (NL…