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cs.CL2026
Removable and Irreducible: A Token-Cost Ledger for the Multilingual Tokenization Tax
Madhulatha Mandarapu, Sandeep Kunkunuru
Large language models pay a well-documented tax on non-English text: the same content costs several times more tokens, and because attention is quadratic in sequence length, far mo…
cs.CL2026
Knowledge-Graph Grounding Helps LLMs Only for Out-of-Training Knowledge: A Controlled Study on Clinical Question Answering
Madhulatha Mandarapu, Sandeep Kunkunuru
A recent Nature Medicine study reports that general-purpose frontier LLMs outperform specialized retrieval-augmented clinical tools on medical benchmarks, and that retrieval can hu…