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20242026
most citedTowards a Theoretical Understanding of Synthetic Data in LLM Post-Training: A Reverse-Bottleneck Perspective

1 citations · 1 across the 6 of their papers we have counts for

collaborators

8 papers

cs.AI2026

Harness Evolution as Learning: Approximation, Generalization, and Optimization Limits of Self-Improving Personal Agents

Zeyu Gan, Zixuan Gong, Yong Liu

As the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, increasing attention is turning to how to translate their abilities into useful behavior. Personal agents b…

cs.LG2026

Normalize-Then-Precondition: A Hierarchical Approach to Marginal Scale and Interaction Geometry for LLM Training

Zixuan Gong, Zeyu Gan, Jiaye Teng +1

Matrix optimizers have emerged as a promising direction, with Muon standing out as a prominent design. Revisiting Muon through its full-Gram representation, we observe that it join…

cs.AI2026

Statistical Priors for Implicit Preferences: Decoupling Skill Selection as a Local Harness in Personal Agents

Zeyu Gan, Huayi Tang, Yong Liu

As Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities advance, locally deployed personal agents relying on API-based remote models and external skills have emerged as a novel paradigm. With t…

cs.CL2026

Beyond the Black Box: A Survey on the Theory and Mechanism of Large Language Models

Zeyu Gan, Ruifeng Ren, Wei Yao +9

The rapid emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has precipitated a profound paradigm shift in Artificial Intelligence, delivering monumental engineering successes that increasi…

cs.CL2025

Information Gain-based Policy Optimization: A Simple and Effective Approach for Multi-Turn Search Agents

Guoqing Wang, Sunhao Dai, Guangze Ye +5

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their ability to interact with external environments through tool use,…

cs.AI2025

Why Does Reasoning Length Converge? Unveiling the Underfitting-Overfitting Trade-off in Chain-of-Thought

Zeyu Gan, Hao Yi, Yong Liu

Test-time scaling, primarily manifested through multi-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning via Reinforcement Learning (RL), has emerged as a pivotal paradigm for enhancing the rea…

cs.AI2025

Rethinking External Slow-Thinking: From Snowball Errors to Probability of Correct Reasoning

Zeyu Gan, Yun Liao, Yong Liu

Test-time scaling, which is also often referred to as slow-thinking, has been demonstrated to enhance multi-step reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, despite its wid…

cs.AI2024★ 1 cited

Towards a Theoretical Understanding of Synthetic Data in LLM Post-Training: A Reverse-Bottleneck Perspective

Zeyu Gan, Yong Liu

Synthetic data has become a pivotal resource in post-training tasks for large language models (LLMs) due to the scarcity of high-quality, specific data. While various methods have…