4 papers
Nonequilibrium framework for first-order phase transitions
Jie Liu, Ligong Bian
The first-order phase transition is central to electroweak baryogenesis and gravitational wave generation, yet thermal equilibrium effective potential analyses cannot describe the…
Towards Accurate Gravitational Wave Predictions: Gauge-Invariant Nucleation in the Electroweak Phase Transition
Jie Liu, Renhui Qin, Ligong Bian
The vacuum decay in the early Universe should be gauge-invariant. In this work, we study the gauge dependence of the vacuum decay occurring through a first-order phase transition a…
Gauge-Invariant Bubble Nucleation and Gravitational Waves from First-Order Electroweak Phase Transitions
Jie Liu, Renhui Qin, Ligong Bian
A long-standing problem in electroweak phase transition studies is the spurious gauge dependence of bubble nucleation rate calculations, which introduces large systematic uncertain…
Theoretical Uncertainties in First-Order Electroweak Phase Transitions
Yongzhao Zhu, Jie Liu, Renhui Qin +1
We systematically investigate theoretical uncertainties in perturbative analyses of first-order electroweak phase transitions (EWPT). Utilizing the Standard Model Effective Field T…