most citedReasoning Beyond Language: A Comprehensive Survey on Latent Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

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cs.LG2026

What Makes Effective Supervision in Latent Chain-of-Thought: An Information-Theoretic Analysis

Xinghao Chen, Chak Tou Leong, Wenjin Guo +3

Latent Chain-of-Thought (CoT) internalizes reasoning within continuous hidden states, offering a promising alternative to verbose discrete reasoning traces. However, robust latent…

cs.LG2026

PowerOPD: Stabilizing On-Policy Distillation with Bounded Power Transformation

Anhao Zhao, Junlong Tong, Yingqi Fan +3

Standard on-policy distillation (OPD) for large language models estimates the reverse-KL objective using student-sampled tokens, yielding an unbiased single-sample Monte Carlo esti…

cs.LG2026

Decoupling KL and Trajectories: A Unified Perspective for SFT, DAgger, Offline RL, and OPD in LLM Distillation

Anhao Zhao, Haoran Xin, Yingqi Fan +3

Knowledge distillation is central to LLM post-training, yet its design space remains poorly understood, especially alongside reinforcement learning (RL). We show that the prevailin…

cs.LG2026

The Trace Is the State: Exact Credit Assignment for LLM Agent Teams

Yanjun Chen, Yirong Sun, Hanlin Wang +5

Credit assignment for a team of LLM agents, what each message was worth, has mostly been treated as prediction: a learned critic, a trajectory-level score, or an agent ablation sta…

cs.LG2025

Kernel-Based Enhanced Oversampling Method for Imbalanced Classification

Wenjie Li, Sibo Zhu, Zhijian Li +1

This paper introduces a novel oversampling technique designed to improve classification performance on imbalanced datasets. The proposed method enhances the traditional SMOTE algor…