5 papers · 1 filter
Gauge-Invariant Off-Shell Mass
Kang-Sin Choi, Hyeseon Im
We define a gauge-invariant and renormalized off-shell mass function in quantum field theory. The conventional self-energy is gauge-dependent off-shell. We generalize the self-ener…
A Quantitative Definition of Intelligence
Kang-Sin Choi
We propose an operational, quantitative definition of intelligence for arbitrary physical systems. The intelligence density of a system is the ratio of the logarithm of its indepen…
The Gauge-Invariant Mass Function
Kang-Sin Choi
In gauge theories, the mass of a field has been regarded as a purely on-shell concept: the pole mass is gauge-invariant, but the off-shell propagator has had no gauge-invariant def…
On the Gauge-Invariant Fermion
Kang-Sin Choi
We show that the Dirac dressing of the fermion is equivalent to a shift of the gauge parameter. For every gauge, the gauge-dependent part is projected out of physical observables.…
Natural Higgs Mass from Power-Law Running
Kang-Sin Choi
The renormalized scalar mass squared is a function of the energy scale and power-runs as its square. Well above the electroweak scale, its dimensionless couplings evolve only slowl…