Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Large Language Models for Automated Assessment of Student Essays in Higher Education

Andrea Gaggioli, Giuseppe Casaburi, Leonardo Ercolani +3

This study investigates the reliability and validity of five advanced Large Language Models (LLMs), Claude 3.5, DeepSeek v2, Gemini 2.5, GPT-4, and Mistral 24B, for automated essay…