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cs.CL2026

Verbalizing Activation Differences with Natural Language Autoencoders

Andrea Blasi Núñez, Gianluca Barmina, Federico Torrielli +3

Activation verbalizers translate the internal representations of large language models into human-readable text. The recently proposed natural language autoencoders (NLAs) learn th…

cs.CL2026

Selecting The Most Informative Tokens in Natural Language Autoencoders

Federico Torrielli, Gianluca Barmina, Andrea Blasi Núñez +4

Natural language autoencoders translate a language model's internal activations into readable explanations. Explaining every token position is costly. Which positions should an aud…

cs.CL2026

Mimir: A Sub-2B Hierarchical Reasoning Model Trained on Permissible Data Punches Above Its Weight Class

Peter Schneider-Kamp, Jacob Nielsen, Gianluca Barmina +4

Training capable language models typically relies on web-scale pretraining followed by multi-stage post-training, creating substantial computational and data-governance barriers fo…

cs.CL2026

PsychoSafe: Eliciting Psychologically-Informed Refusals in Large Language Models

Gianluca Barmina, Federico Torrielli, Sven Harms +8

Large language models (LLMs) routinely face requests that should be refused, creating a trade-off between helpfulness and harm prevention. However, refusals themselves can be helpf…

cs.CL2026

LLMs Can Leak Training Data But Do They Want To? Evaluating Memorization Propensity in LLMs

Gianluca Barmina, Peter Schneider-Kamp, Lukas Galke Poech

Large language models can reproduce training data, but memorization evaluations mostly measure whether models can be made to do so, not whether they do so without adversarial promp…

cs.CL2026

SommBench: Assessing Sommelier Expertise of Language Models

William Brach, Tomas Bedej, Jacob Nielsen +10

With the rapid advances of large language models, it becomes increasingly important to systematically evaluate their multilingual and multicultural capabilities. Previous cultural…

cs.CL2025

DaLA: Danish Linguistic Acceptability Evaluation Guided by Real World Errors

Gianluca Barmina, Nathalie Carmen Hau Norman, Peter Schneider-Kamp +1

We present an enhanced benchmark for evaluating linguistic acceptability in Danish. We first analyze the most common errors found in written Danish. Based on this analysis, we intr…

cs.CL2025

Dynaword: From One-shot to Continuously Developed Datasets

Kenneth Enevoldsen, Kristian Nørgaard Jensen, Jan Kostkan +14

Large-scale datasets are foundational for research and development in natural language processing. However, current approaches face three key challenges: (1) reliance on ambiguousl…