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20232026
most citedWhat Formal Languages Can Transformers Express? A Survey

22 citations · 22 across the 6 of their papers we have counts for

collaborators

6 papers

cs.CL2026

Comparing Transformers and Hybrid Models at the Token Level

Yanhong Li, William Merrill

Hybrid language models that mix attention and recurrent layers have shown promise: theoretically, recurrent layers ameliorate the limitations of pure transformers on state tracking…

cs.LG2026

Efficiently Representing Algorithms With Chain-of-Thought Transformers

Yanhong Li, Anej Svete, Ashish Sabharwal +1

The increasing popularity of \emph{reasoning} models -- language models that output a series of reasoning or thought tokens before producing an answer -- is justified, in part, by…

cs.LG2026

Revisiting Padded Transformer Expressivity: Which Architectural Choices Matter and Which Don't

Anej Svete, William Merrill, Ryan Cotterell +1

Recent work describes what transformers can and cannot compute through connections to boolean circuits, but existing results lack exact characterizations and are sensitive to model…

cs.LG2026

Why Are Linear RNNs More Parallelizable?

William Merrill, Hongjian Jiang, Yanhong Li +2

The community is increasingly exploring linear RNNs (LRNNs) as language models, motivated by their expressive power and parallelizability. While prior work establishes the expressi…

cs.LG2025

The Transformer Cookbook

Andy Yang, Christopher Watson, Anton Xue +6

We present the transformer cookbook: a collection of techniques for directly encoding algorithms into a transformer's parameters. This work addresses the steep learning curve of su…

cs.LG2023★ 22 cited

What Formal Languages Can Transformers Express? A Survey

Lena Strobl, William Merrill, Gail Weiss +2

As transformers have gained prominence in natural language processing, some researchers have investigated theoretically what problems they can and cannot solve, by treating problem…