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cs.CL2026
Can LLMs Really Understand Item Difficulty Levels? Implications for Automated Item Generation Using LLMs
Xinyi Wang, Hong Jiao, Ming Li +4
The estimation of item difficulty plays a key role in both formative assessment and large-scale high-stakes summative assessments. This study explores how large language models (LL…
cs.CL2025
Automated Alignment of Math Items to Content Standards in Large-Scale Assessments Using Language Models
Qingshu Xu, Hong Jiao, Tianyi Zhou +4
Accurate alignment of items to content standards is critical for valid score interpretation in large-scale assessments. This study evaluates three automated paradigms for aligning…
cs.CL2025
Text-Based Approaches to Item Alignment to Content Standards in Large-Scale Reading & Writing Tests
Yanbin Fu, Hong Jiao, Tianyi Zhou +5
Aligning test items to content standards is a critical step in test development to collect validity evidence based on content. Item alignment has typically been conducted by human…