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physics.hist-ph2026
Between equilibrium and fluctuation: Einstein's heuristic argument and Boltzmann's principle
Enric Pérez, Antonio Gil
We critically revisit Einstein's 1905 heuristic argument for lightquanta, considering its internal coherence and the scope of its applicability. We argue that Einstein's reasoning,…
physics.hist-ph2025
Blurred orbits and blurred particles: Heisenberg's 1926 helium atom
G. Gimeno, M. Xipell, Enric Pérez
This work analyses the extent to which the "blurred orbits" of the current model for the atom, drafted by Heisenberg in 1926, fits the image of a bunch of wandering electrons aroun…