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cs.CL2026

Improving Cross-Format Robustness in Language Models with Multi-Format Training

June M. Liu, Shaomian Zheng, He Cao +3

Large language models often remain sensitive to answer format: a question solved correctly in one form may fail in another semantically equivalent form. To study this gap, we defin…

cs.CL2026

DiffScore: Text Evaluation Beyond Autoregressive Likelihood

Wen Lai, Yingli Shen, Dingnan Jin +4

Autoregressive language models are widely used for text evaluation, however, their left-to-right factorization introduces positional bias, i.e., early tokens are scored with only l…

cs.CL2026

GRIP: Geometric Refinement and Adaptive Information Potential for Data Efficiency

Changhao Wang, Jiaolong Yang, Xinhao Yao +7

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly governed by data efficiency rather than raw scaling volume. However, existing selection methods often decouple globa…

cs.CL2026

Mix Data or Merge Models? Balancing the Helpfulness, Honesty, and Harmlessness of Large Language Model via Model Merging

Jinluan Yang, Dingnan Jin, Anke Tang +10

Achieving balanced alignment of large language models (LLMs) in terms of Helpfulness, Honesty, and Harmlessness (3H optimization) constitutes a cornerstone of responsible AI. Exist…

cs.CL2025

Every Activation Boosted: Scaling General Reasoner to 1 Trillion Open Language Foundation

Ling Team, Ang Li, Ben Liu +138

We introduce Ling 2.0, a series reasoning-oriented language foundation built upon the principle that every activation boosts reasoning capability. Designed to scale from tens of bi…

cs.CL2025

MASS: Mathematical Data Selection via Skill Graphs for Pretraining Large Language Models

Jiazheng Li, Lu Yu, Qing Cui +4

High-quality data plays a critical role in the pretraining and fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), even determining their performance ceiling to some degree. Consequently,…