Stochastic Modelling and Analysis of Within-Farm Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Dynamics in Dairy Cattle

Parul Tiwari, Malavika Smitha, Hammed Olawale Fatoyinbo

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has expanded its host range with recent detections in dairy cattle, raising critical concerns regarding within-herd persistence and cross-s…