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cs.LG2026
TIER: Trajectory-Invariant Execution Rewards for Multi-Step Tool Composition
Anay Kulkarni, ChiaEn Lu, Dheeraj Mekala +3
Tool use enables large language models to solve complex tasks through sequences of API calls, yet existing reinforcement learning approaches fail to scale to multi-step composition…
cs.LG2026
FrontierSmith: Synthesizing Open-Ended Coding Problems at Scale
Runyuan He, Qiuyang Mang, Shang Zhou +14
Many real-world coding challenges are open-ended and admit no known optimal solution. Yet, recent progress in LLM coding has focused on well-defined tasks such as feature implement…
cs.LG2025
FrontierCS: Evolving Challenges for Evolving Intelligence
Qiuyang Mang, Wenhao Chai, Zhifei Li +48
We introduce FrontierCS, a benchmark of 156 open-ended problems across diverse areas of computer science, designed and reviewed by experts, including CS PhDs and top-tier competiti…