Begging with a Purpose? Testing Behavioural Hallmarks of First-Order Intentionality in Free-ranging Hanuman Langurs

Dishari Dasgupta, Shriparna Chattopadhyay, Sruti Banerjee +4

Intentional communication has been studied extensively in primates, yet evidence from free-ranging non-ape species remains limited. Human-directed food-solicitation gestures in Han…