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cs.CL2026

HiDiffTIR: Hierarchical Difficulty-Aware Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning

Yucan Guo, Xiaohan Wang, Miao Su +8

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) is a fundamental capability for LLM agents to solve complex tasks by interacting with external tools iteratively. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has be…

cs.CL2026

When Not to Imitate: Boundary-Aware Skill Memory for Reliable Tool-Use LLM Agents

Zihan Lin, Zhenyu Chen, Jiawen Wei +6

Extracting skills from past successes is critical for the efficient evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agents. Prevailing agent self-evolution paradigms typically rely on a co…

cs.CL2026

UniMem: Complementary Episodic-to-Parametric Memory for Boundary-Agnostic Task Streams

Siyu Xia, Chenheng Zhang, Yanting Wu +8

Memory is essential for LLM agents to accumulate task experience and reuse task-specific execution strategies. However, real-world deployment over boundary-agnostic and evolving ta…

cs.CL2026

DeepSeek-V4: Towards Highly Efficient Million-Token Context Intelligence

DeepSeek-AI, Anyi Xu, Bangcai Lin +315

We present a preview version of DeepSeek-V4 series, including two strong Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models -- DeepSeek-V4-Pro with 1.6T parameters (49B activated) and DeepSe…

cs.CL2026

Are Full Rollouts Necessary for On-Policy Distillation?

Yaocheng Zhang, Jiajun Chai, Yuqian Fu +7

On-policy distillation (OPD) provides dense teacher feedback along student-generated rollouts rather than fixed teacher traces and has emerged as a promising post-training paradigm…

cs.CL2026

On the Hidden Costs of Counterfactual Knowledge Training in LLM Unlearning

Xiaotian Ye, Xiaohan Wang, Mengqi Zhang +1

Counterfactual tuning (CFT) has emerged as a promising paradigm for Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning by training models to generate alternative fictitious knowledge in place o…

cs.CL2026

Implicit Hierarchical GRPO: Decoupling Tool Invocation from Execution for Tool-Integrated Mathematical Reasoning

Li Wang, Xiaohan Wang, Xiaodong Lu +5

Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly leveraged tool invocation to enhance their reasoning capabilities. However, existing approaches typically tightly couple tool invocat…

cs.CL2026

Rethinking Personalization in Large Language Models at the Token Level

Chenheng Zhang, Yijun Lu, Lizhe Fang +7

With large language models (LLMs) now performing strongly across diverse tasks, there is growing demand for them to personalize outputs for individual users. Personalization is typ…

cs.CL2026

AWPO: Enhancing Tool-Use of Large Language Models through Adaptive Integration of Reasoning Rewards

Zihan Lin, Xiaohan Wang, Hexiong Yang +5

While Reinforcement Learning (RL) shows promise in training tool-use Large Language Models (LLMs) using verifiable outcome rewards, existing methods largely overlook the potential…

cs.CL2025

From Experience to Strategy: Empowering LLM Agents with Trainable Graph Memory

Siyu Xia, Zekun Xu, Jiajun Chai +7

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agents have demonstrated remarkable potential in autonomous task-solving across complex, open-ended environments. A promising approach for improv…

cs.CL2025★ 1 cited

ResT: Reshaping Token-Level Policy Gradients for Tool-Use Large Language Models

Zihan Lin, Xiaohan Wang, Jie Cao +4

Large language models (LLMs) transcend passive generation and act as goal-directed agents by invoking external tools. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a principled framework for…