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cs.LO2026
How Expressive Are Graph Neural Networks in the Presence of Node Identifiers?
Arie Soeteman, Michael Benedikt, Martin Grohe +1
Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a widely used class of machine learning models for graph-structured data, based on local aggregation over neighbors. GNNs have close connections to…
cs.LO2026
Query Languages for Machine-Learning Models
Martin Grohe
In this paper, I discuss two logics for weighted finite structures: first-order logic with summation (FO(SUM)) and its recursive extension IFP(SUM). These logics originate from fou…