From Optical Breakdown to Bubble Inception: A Coupled Plasma-Thermal Framework for Nanosecond Laser-Induced Cavitation in Water

Shuqi Zhou, Abdol Hadi Mokarizadeh, Ben Xu

Laser-induced cavitation under nanosecond optical breakdown is central to applications such as laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), microsurgery, and microfluidic actuation, yet…