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20242026
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cs.LG2026

ATLAS: Agentic Test-time Learning-to-Allocate Scaling

Peijia Qin, Qi Cao, Pengtao Xie

Test-time scaling has become a major way to improve large language model reasoning, but its orchestration has remained designer-engineered: a fixed sample budget, a fixed refinemen…

cs.LG2026

LLMs Know When They Know, but Do Not Act on It: A Metacognitive Harness for Test-time Scaling

Qi Cao, Yufan Wang, Peijia Qin +2

Large language models (LLMs) often expose useful signals of self-monitoring: before solving a problem, they can estimate whether they are likely to succeed, and after solving it, t…

cs.LG2026

Models Under SCOPE: Scalable and Controllable Routing via Pre-hoc Reasoning

Qi Cao, Shuhao Zhang, Ruizhe Zhou +3

Model routing chooses which language model to use for each query. By sending easy queries to cheaper models and hard queries to stronger ones, it can significantly reduce inference…

cs.LG2026

FunPRM: Function-as-Step Process Reward Model with Meta Reward Correction for Code Generation

Ruiyi Zhang, Peijia Qin, Qi Cao +2

Code generation is a core application of large language models (LLMs), yet LLMs still frequently fail on complex programming tasks. Given its success in mathematical reasoning, tes…

cs.LG2026

DAJ: Data-Reweighted LLM Judge for Test-Time Scaling in Code Generation

Peijia Qin, Ruiyi Zhang, Qi Cao +1

Test-time scaling for code generation commonly relies on Best-of-N selection, in which multiple candidate solutions are sampled from a base model, and the best one is selected by a…

cs.LG2025

DreamPRM-Code: Function-as-Step Process Reward Model with Label Correction for LLM Coding

Ruiyi Zhang, Peijia Qin, Qi Cao +1

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have become essential for improving Large Language Models (LLMs) via test-time scaling, yet their effectiveness in coding remains limited due to the la…

cs.LG2025

DreamPRM-1.5: Unlocking the Potential of Each Instance for Multimodal Process Reward Model Training

Qi Cao, Pengtao Xie

Training multimodal process reward models (PRMs) is hard due to (i) distribution shift between training set and test set and (ii) quality imbalance across training data samples. Wh…

cs.LG2025

DreamPRM: Domain-Reweighted Process Reward Model for Multimodal Reasoning

Qi Cao, Ruiyi Wang, Ruiyi Zhang +2

Reasoning has substantially improved the performance of large language models (LLMs) on complicated tasks. Central to the current reasoning studies, Process Reward Models (PRMs) of…

cs.LG2024

MD tree: a model-diagnostic tree grown on loss landscape

Yefan Zhou, Jianlong Chen, Qinxue Cao +2

This paper considers "model diagnosis", which we formulate as a classification problem. Given a pre-trained neural network (NN), the goal is to predict the source of failure from a…