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20232026
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cs.CL2026

What Does Loss Optimization Actually Teach, If Anything? Knowledge Dynamics in Continual Pre-training of LLMs

Seyed Mahed Mousavi, Simone Alghisi, Giuseppe Riccardi

Continual Pre-Training (CPT) is widely used for acquiring and updating factual knowledge in LLMs. This practice treats loss as a proxy for knowledge learning, while offering no gro…

cs.CL2025

Garbage In, Reasoning Out? Why Benchmark Scores are Unreliable and What to Do About It

Seyed Mahed Mousavi, Edoardo Cecchinato, Lucia Hornikova +1

We conduct a systematic audit of three widely used reasoning benchmarks, SocialIQa, FauxPas-EAI, and ToMi, and uncover pervasive flaws in both benchmark items and evaluation method…

cs.CL2025

LLMs as Repositories of Factual Knowledge: Limitations and Solutions

Seyed Mahed Mousavi, Simone Alghisi, Giuseppe Riccardi

LLMs' sources of knowledge are data snapshots containing factual information about entities collected at different timestamps and from different media types (e.g. wikis, social med…

cs.CL2024

Should We Fine-Tune or RAG? Evaluating Different Techniques to Adapt LLMs for Dialogue

Simone Alghisi, Massimo Rizzoli, Gabriel Roccabruna +2

We study the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) for the task of response generation in human-machine dialogue. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature for…

cs.CL2024

DyKnow: Dynamically Verifying Time-Sensitive Factual Knowledge in LLMs

Seyed Mahed Mousavi, Simone Alghisi, Giuseppe Riccardi

LLMs acquire knowledge from massive data snapshots collected at different timestamps. Their knowledge is then commonly evaluated using static benchmarks. However, factual knowledge…

cs.CL2024

Are LLMs Robust for Spoken Dialogues?

Seyed Mahed Mousavi, Gabriel Roccabruna, Simone Alghisi +3

Large Pre-Trained Language Models have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in different downstream tasks, including dialogue state tracking and end-to-end response generation…