3 papers
cs.LG2025
Predictive Auditing of Hidden Tokens in LLM APIs via Reasoning Length Estimation
Ziyao Wang, Guoheng Sun, Yexiao He +3
Commercial LLM services often conceal internal reasoning traces while still charging users for every generated token, including those from hidden intermediate steps, raising concer…
cs.CR2025
Invisible Tokens, Visible Bills: The Urgent Need to Audit Hidden Operations in Opaque LLM Services
Guoheng Sun, Ziyao Wang, Xuandong Zhao +5
Modern large language model (LLM) services increasingly rely on complex, often abstract operations, such as multi-step reasoning and multi-agent collaboration, to generate high-qua…
cs.AI2025
CoIn: Counting the Invisible Reasoning Tokens in Commercial Opaque LLM APIs
Guoheng Sun, Ziyao Wang, Bowei Tian +7
As post-training techniques evolve, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with structured multi-step reasoning abilities, often optimized through reinforcement le…