Direct observation of higher-order whispering-gallery modes in VCSELs at room temperature by embedding a defect-free surface micro-structure

Tsin-Dong Lee, Chih-Yao Chen, YuanYao Lin +5

We propose and demonstrate a direct method to observe higher-order whispering-gallery modes in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) at room temperature. Instead of intr…