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cs.CL2026

Language Exposure Matters: Distribution and Order in Multilingual BabyLM Pre-training

JiWoo Hwang, Lukas Edman, Alexander Fraser

We investigate two aspects of multilingual pre-training with limited data, namely how language exposure is distributed across English, Dutch, and Chinese, and how that exposure is…

cs.CL2026

Decomposing and Predicting Annotation Disagreement in Harmful Content Across Languages

Irem Ecem Yelkanat, Faeze Ghorbanpour, Alexander Fraser

Annotator disagreement is increasingly recognized as a meaningful property of subjective tasks, rather than merely noise to be removed. Predicting which items are likely to be cont…

cs.CL2026

Retrieval Disagreement as a Signal: Diagnosing and Steering Multilingual Dense Embedders

Faeze Ghorbanpour, Shaghayegh Kolli, Jana Diesner +1

Multilingual dense retrievers place all languages in one shared space so that a question finds relevant documents, regardless of which language they are written in. We show that th…

cs.CL2026

Latent-Space Intervention for Cross-Lingual Factual Consistency: Consistency Improvements without Accuracy Drops

Faeze Ghorbanpour, Constanza Fierro, Alexander Fraser +1

Large Language Models (LLMs) often answer the same factual question differently across languages. We study whether cross-lingual latent-space intervention can reduce this inconsist…

cs.CL2026

Toppling the Hierarchy in Byte-level Language Modeling

Lukas Edman, Alexander Fraser

This work examines recent byte-level models and their failure to perfectly manipulate characters. State-of-the-art byte-level models use a hierarchical structure, starting at the b…

cs.CL2026

From Specialization to Generalization: Instruction-tuned LLMs for Robust Harmful Content Mitigation

Lukas Edman, Daryna Dementieva, Alexander Fraser

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across a wide range of general NLP tasks; however, their effectiveness in sensitive domains, such as hate speech det…

cs.CL2026

Attribute-Based Diagnosis of LLM Alignment with Hate Speech Annotations

Mohammad Amine Jradi, Faeze Ghorbanpour, Alexander Fraser

Hate speech annotation is costly, subjective, and prone to annotator disagreement, making large-scale dataset construction challenging. We systematically analyze how well large lan…

cs.CL2026

PersLitEval: Fine-grained Benchmark and Evaluation of LLMs on Persian Literature Questions

Ruhallah Niazi, Faeze Ghorbanpour, Alexander Fraser

Despite impressive multilingual capabilities, large language models (LLMs) remain poorly evaluated on literary knowledge in non-English languages. We introduce PersLitEval, a bench…