Human-In-The-Loop Machine Learning for Safe and Ethical Autonomous Vehicles: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities

Yousef Emami, Mohammadhossein Homaei, Miguel Gutiérrez Gaitán +4

Machine Learning (ML) has become central to Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), supporting perception, prediction, planning, control, and decision-making in dynamic environments. However, a…