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20242026
most citedLMOD+: A Comprehensive Multimodal Dataset and Benchmark for Developing and Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in Ophthalmology

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cs.CL2026

Toward Federated Large Language Models in Medicine: A Parameter-Efficient Framework for Privacy-Preserving, Multi-Institutional Adaptation

Anran Li, Yuanyuan Chen, Wenjun Long +16

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adapted for medical applications, but most are trained using data from a single institution because privacy and governance constraints…

cs.CL2026

Memorization in Large Language Models in Medicine: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Implications

Anran Li, Lingfei Qian, Mengmeng Du +18

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in medicine, with many studies adapting them through continued pre-training or fine-tuning on medical data to e…

cs.CL2025

LEME: Open Large Language Models for Ophthalmology with Advanced Reasoning and Clinical Validation

Hyunjae Kim, Xuguang Ai, Sahana Srinivasan +27

The rising prevalence of eye diseases poses a growing public health burden. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising path to reduce documentation workload and support clinica…

cs.CL2025

Performance of GPT-5 Frontier Models in Ophthalmology Question Answering

Fares Antaki, David Mikhail, Daniel Milad +11

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-5 integrate advanced reasoning capabilities that may improve performance on complex medical question-answering tasks. For this latest gener…

cs.CL2025

EH-Benchmark Ophthalmic Hallucination Benchmark and Agent-Driven Top-Down Traceable Reasoning Workflow

Xiaoyu Pan, Yang Bai, Ke Zou +5

Medical Large Language Models (MLLMs) play a crucial role in ophthalmic diagnosis, holding significant potential to address vision-threatening diseases. However, their accuracy is…

cs.CL2025

Benchmarking Next-Generation Reasoning-Focused Large Language Models in Ophthalmology: A Head-to-Head Evaluation on 5,888 Items

Minjie Zou, Sahana Srinivasan, Thaddaeus Wai Soon Lo +13

Recent advances in reasoning-focused large language models (LLMs) mark a shift from general LLMs toward models designed for complex decision-making, a crucial aspect in medicine. H…