An iterative energy-based multimodal transformer for joint retrieval of wheat soil moisture, leaf area index, and plant height from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series

Shubham Kumar Singh, Peilei Fan, Suraj A. Yadav +2

Field-scale retrieval of surface soil moisture (SM), leaf area index (LAI), and plant height (PH) is essential for precision agriculture, yet it remains an ill-posed inverse proble…