Spontaneous polarization in NaNbO${}_3$ film on NdGaO${}_3$ and DyScO${}_3$ substrates

Kisung Kang, Saud Bin Anooz, Jutta Schwarzkopf +1

Pure NaNbO${}_3$ is an antiferroelectric material at room temperature that irreversibly transforms to a ferroelectric polar state when subjected to an external electrical field or…