Forward hysteresis and Hopf bifurcation in an NPZD model with application to harmful algal blooms

Joshua C. Macdonald, Hayriye Gulbudak

Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) models, describing the interactions between phytoplankton, zooplankton systems, and their ecosystem, are used to predict their ec…