From Representational Complementarity to Dual Systems: Synergizing VLM and Vision-Only Backbones for End-to-End Driving

Sining Ang, Yuguang Yang, Chenxu Dang +8

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) driving augments end-to-end (E2E) planning with language-enabled visual backbones, yet it remains unclear how vision-language models (VLMs) differ from…