Experimental and theoretical demonstration of negative magnetization induced by particle size reduction in nano-form Gd${}_{1-x}$Ca${}_x$MnO${}_3$

Papri Dasgupta, Sanjukta Paul, S. Kumar +2

We report a pervasive phenomenon of gradual emergence of negative magnetization in typical $R_{1-x}{D}_x$MnO${}_3$ orthorhombic perovskite manganites in nano form (with $R^{3+}$ being…