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20192026
most citedLarge Language Models Struggle to Learn Long-Tail Knowledge

96 citations · 159 across the 11 of their papers we have counts for

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cs.CL2025

The Common Pile v0.1: An 8TB Dataset of Public Domain and Openly Licensed Text

Nikhil Kandpal, Brian Lester, Colin Raffel +24

Large language models (LLMs) are typically trained on enormous quantities of unlicensed text, a practice that has led to scrutiny due to possible intellectual property infringement…

cs.CL2025

Position: The Most Expensive Part of an LLM should be its Training Data

Nikhil Kandpal, Colin Raffel

Training a state-of-the-art Large Language Model (LLM) is an increasingly expensive endeavor due to growing computational, hardware, energy, and engineering demands. Yet, an often-…

cs.CL2025

Efficient Model Development through Fine-tuning Transfer

Pin-Jie Lin, Rishab Balasubramanian, Fengyuan Liu +2

Modern LLMs struggle with efficient updates, as each new pretrained model version requires repeating expensive alignment processes. This challenge also applies to domain- or langua…

cs.CL2022★ 96 cited

Large Language Models Struggle to Learn Long-Tail Knowledge

Nikhil Kandpal, Haikang Deng, Adam Roberts +2

The Internet contains a wealth of knowledge -- from the birthdays of historical figures to tutorials on how to code -- all of which may be learned by language models. However, whil…

cs.CL2019

Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLP

Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Nikhil Kandpal +2

Adversarial examples highlight model vulnerabilities and are useful for evaluation and interpretation. We define universal adversarial triggers: input-agnostic sequences of tokens…