An accurate detection of micro-collapse during the lyophilisation of a 5% w/v lactose solution using a combination of novel techniques: intelligent laser speckle imaging (ILSI) and through-vial impedance spectroscopy (TVIS)

Ahmet Orun, Anand Vadesa, Geoff Smith

Context: In a freeze drying (FD) process, an accurate observation and control of the process parameters at critical stages are at high importance. Particularly accurate and timely…