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20212026
most citedThe GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metrics

52 citations · 99 across the 13 of their papers we have counts for

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cs.CL2026

How Do People Quantify Naturally: Evidence from Mandarin Picture Description

Yayun Zhang, Guanyi Chen, Fahime Same +2

Quantification is a fundamental component of everyday language use, yet little is known about how speakers decide whether and how to quantify in naturalistic production. We investi…

cs.CL2025

Real-World Summarization: When Evaluation Reaches Its Limits

Patrícia Schmidtová, Ondřej Dušek, Saad Mahamood

We examine evaluation of faithfulness to input data in the context of hotel highlights: brief LLM-generated summaries that capture unique features of accommodations. Through human…

cs.CL2025★ 1 cited

Sentence Embeddings as an intermediate target in end-to-end summarisation

Maciej Zembrzuski, Saad Mahamood

Current neural network-based methods to the problem of document summarisation struggle when applied to datasets containing large inputs. In this paper we propose a new approach to…

cs.CL2025

LLMs as Span Annotators: A Comparative Study of LLMs and Humans

Zdeněk Kasner, Vilém Zouhar, Patrícia Schmidtová +7

Span annotation - annotating specific text features at the span level - can be used to evaluate texts where single-score metrics fail to provide actionable feedback. Until recently…

cs.CL2024

Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practices

Patrícia Schmidtová, Saad Mahamood, Simone Balloccu +6

Automatic metrics are extensively used to evaluate natural language processing systems. However, there has been increasing focus on how they are used and reported by practitioners…

cs.CL2024

On the Role of Summary Content Units in Text Summarization Evaluation

Marcel Nawrath, Agnieszka Nowak, Tristan Ratz +13

At the heart of the Pyramid evaluation method for text summarization lie human written summary content units (SCUs). These SCUs are concise sentences that decompose a summary into…

cs.CL2023★ 4 cited

Missing Information, Unresponsive Authors, Experimental Flaws: The Impossibility of Assessing the Reproducibility of Previous Human Evaluations in NLP

Anya Belz, Craig Thomson, Ehud Reiter +39

We report our efforts in identifying a set of previous human evaluations in NLP that would be suitable for a coordinated study examining what makes human evaluations in NLP more/le…

cs.CL2022★ 1 cited

Needle in a Haystack: An Analysis of High-Agreement Workers on MTurk for Summarization

Lining Zhang, Simon Mille, Yufang Hou +8

To prevent the costly and inefficient use of resources on low-quality annotations, we want a method for creating a pool of dependable annotators who can effectively complete diffic…

cs.CL2022★ 3 cited

GEMv2: Multilingual NLG Benchmarking in a Single Line of Code

Sebastian Gehrmann, Abhik Bhattacharjee, Abinaya Mahendiran +74

Evaluation in machine learning is usually informed by past choices, for example which datasets or metrics to use. This standardization enables the comparison on equal footing using…

cs.CL2021★ 25 cited

NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentation

Kaustubh D. Dhole, Varun Gangal, Sebastian Gehrmann +122

Data augmentation is an important component in the robustness evaluation of models in natural language processing (NLP) and in enhancing the diversity of the data they are trained…

cs.CL2021★ 1 cited

Underreporting of errors in NLG output, and what to do about it

Emiel van Miltenburg, Miruna-Adriana Clinciu, Ondřej Dušek +8

We observe a severe under-reporting of the different kinds of errors that Natural Language Generation systems make. This is a problem, because mistakes are an important indicator o…

cs.CL2021★ 12 cited

Automatic Construction of Evaluation Suites for Natural Language Generation Datasets

Simon Mille, Kaustubh D. Dhole, Saad Mahamood +5

Machine learning approaches applied to NLP are often evaluated by summarizing their performance in a single number, for example accuracy. Since most test sets are constructed as an…

cs.CL2021★ 52 cited

The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metrics

Sebastian Gehrmann, Tosin Adewumi, Karmanya Aggarwal +53

We introduce GEM, a living benchmark for natural language Generation (NLG), its Evaluation, and Metrics. Measuring progress in NLG relies on a constantly evolving ecosystem of auto…