Chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in high energy $pp$ collisions

Xing-Wei He, Hua-Rong Wei, Fu-Hu Liu

We describe the transverse momentum spectra of ${\pi }^{\pm }$, $K^{\pm }$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced in proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at different collision energies by using a Tsallis-P…