Toward Actionable Digital Twins for Radiation-Based Imaging and Therapy: Mathematical Formulation, Modular Workflow, and an OpenKBP-Based Dose-Surrogate Prototype

Hsin-Hsiung Huang, Bulent Soykan

Digital twins for radiation-based imaging and therapy are most useful when they assimilate patient data, quantify predictive uncertainty, and support clinically constrained decisio…