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Growing the terrestrial planets from the gradual accumulation of sub-meter sized objects
Harold F. Levison, Katherine A. Kretke, Kevin Walsh +1
Building the terrestrial planets has been a challenge for planet formation models. In particular, classical theories have been unable to reproduce the small mass of Mars and instea…
Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles
Harold F. Levison, Katherine A. Kretke, Martin J. Duncan
It is widely held that the first step in forming the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, is to form solid `cores' of roughly 10 M. Getting the cores to form bef…
Evidence for Pebbles in Comets
K. A. Kretke, H. F. Levison
When the EPOXI spacecraft flew by Comet 103P/Hartley 2, it observed large particles floating around the comet nucleus. These particles are likely low-density, centimeter- to decime…
Formation and evolution of Pluto's small satellites
Kevin J. Walsh, Harold F. Levison
Pluto's system of 5 known satellites are in a puzzling orbital configuration. Each of the four small satellites are on low-eccentricity and low-inclination orbits situated near a m…
The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of the Large Transneptunian Binary System Varda and Ilmarë
W. M. Grundy, S. B. Porter, S. D. Benecchi +7
From observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, Keck II Telescope, and Gemini North Telescope, we have determined the mutual orbit of the large transneptunian object (174567) Vard…