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Revisiting Christoph Scheiner's Sunspot Records: a New Perspective on Solar Activity of the Early Telescopic Era
V. M. S. Carrasco, A. Muñoz-Jaramillo, M. C. Gallego +1
Christoph Scheiner was one of the most outstanding astronomers in the history of the sunspot observations. His book, Rosa Ursina, is the reference work regarding the study of the e…
Re-calibration of the Sunspot Number: Status Report
F. Clette, L. Lefèvre, T. Chatzistergos +18
We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number (SN) and Group sunspot number (GN) following the release of version 2.0 of SN in 2015. This report consti…
Visualization of the challenges and limitations of the long-term sunspot number record
A. Munoz-Jaramillo, J. M. Vaquero
The solar cycle periodically reshapes the magnetic structure and radiative output of the Sun and determines its impact on the heliosphere roughly every 11 years. Besides this main…
Revisiting the Amplitude of Solar Cycle 9: The Case of Sunspot Observations by W.C. Bond
V. M. S. Carrasco, M. C. Gallego, R. Arlt +1
William Cranch Bond, director of the Harvard College Observatory in mid-19th century, carried out detailed sunspot observations during the period 1847-1849. We highlight Bond was t…
Sunspot Records by Antonio Colla just after the Dalton Minimum
V. M. S. Carrasco, C. Bertolin, F. Domínguez-Castro +3
Antonio Colla was a meteorologist and astronomer who made sunspot observations at the Meteorological Observatory of the Parma University (Italy). He carried out his sunspot records…
Number of Sunspot Groups from the Galileo-Scheiner controversy revisited
V. M. S. Carrasco, M. C. Gallego, J. M. Vaquero
We revise the sunspot observations made by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner in the context of their controversy on the nature of sunspots. Their sunspot records not included…